SC 3.3

Supply Chain (SC)

White Paper

Conduct a Study on a National Security Investment Corporation

'24

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SC 3.3

Heading

White Paper

2021

2022

2023

2024

On Track

Congressional action is needed to establish a public-private national security investment corporation that would coordinate investment in strategically important areas. CSC staff have proposed draft legislation and have provided the administration with text for an executive order commissioning a study on the viability of such a public-private corporation. Because this is one of its key priorities for the upcoming fiscal year, the CSC is engaging with relevant stakeholders and legislators to establish support for this recommendation.

On Track

Whether to establish a National Security Investment Corporation or to study its possible impacts, congressional or executive branch action is required to implement this recommendation. The Commission proposed legislation in 2021 that would require a report on a possible corporation. If established, the corporation would not rely on public funding but rather would work to attract private capital and invest it in strategically critical areas.

Limited Progress

The commission drafted legislation mandating a study assessing the possible impacts of establishing a National Security Investment Corporation. Congress has not yet taken up this legislation.

On Track

The Commission drafted legislation mandating a study assessing the possible impacts of establishing a National Security Investment Corporation. While Congress has not yet taken up this legislation, other efforts within the federal government align with this recommendation. Established in December 2022, the Defense Department’s Office of Strategic Capital fosters private investment in critical technology sectors. In March 2024, the office released its first Investment Strategy, identifying priority areas such as space, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and quantum computing, with a requested budget of $144 million for FY25.

SC 4

Supply Chain (SC)

White Paper

Designate Lead Agency for the ICT Supply Chain

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SC 4

Heading

White Paper

2021

2022

2023

2024

Nearing Implementation

The Biden-Harris administration’s executive order on America’s supply chains represents an important first step in fulfilling this recommendation. The executive order designates the Departments of Commerce and Homeland Security as responsible for carrying out the portions of the executive order related to the ICT industrial base, but further action can be taken to formally designate the Department of Commerce as the lead federal agency for ICT supply chain management after the review required by the executive order is completed.

Implemented

Through the FY21 NDAA, DHS was designated as the Sector Risk Management Agency for the information technology sector, fully implementing this recommendation. Executive Order 14017 requires a report on the ICT sector’s supply chain, drafted by the Departments of Commerce and Homeland Security, effectively designating those agencies as the lead in that area for the purposes of the executive order. The executive order allows for a vast improvement on the previously siloed efforts by creating an interagency process to evaluate current ICT supply chain conditions. In this whole-of-government approach, the lead agencies collected a variety of data and provided recommendations to mitigate identified vulnerabilities and risks to strengthen the resilience of the ICT supply chain security. Executive Order 13873 directs the Department of Commerce as the lead agency in providing recommendations to protect sensitive personal data in addition to the recommendations for executive and legislative action in addressing risks from using software applications associated with foreign adversaries. CISA requested $18.2 million for SRMA management in the president’s budget for fiscal year 2023, an approximately half a million dollar increase from the previous year. However, CISA received a significant increase in its funding through the fiscal year 2022 appropriations bill, which provides $39 million above the request for SRMA activities, including requirements listed under Section 9002 of the FY21 NDAA.

Implemented

The FY21 NDAA designated the Department of Homeland Security as the sector risk management agency for the information technology sector, fully implementing this recommendation. The FY24 president’s budget request, however, shows a reduction in CISA’s funding request for sector risk management and sector stakeholder engagement. While this recommendation is considered implemented, consistent funding for CISA to carry out its sector risk management agency duties is critical to protecting critical infrastructure.

Implemented

The FY21 NDAA designated the Department of Homeland Security as the sector risk management agency for the information technology sector, fully implementing this recommendation. NSM-22 also reaffirms this designation.

SC 4.1

Supply Chain (SC)

White Paper

Establish a National Supply Chain Intelligence Center

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SC 4.2

Supply Chain (SC)

White Paper

Fund Critical Technology Security Centers

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SC 5

Supply Chain (SC)

White Paper

Incentivize Open and Interoperable Standards and Release More Mid-band Spectrum

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SC 5.1

Supply Chain (SC)

White Paper

Develop a Digital Risk Impact Assessment for International Partners for Telecom Infrastructure Projects

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SC 5.2

Supply Chain (SC)

White Paper

Ensure That the Export-Import Bank, U.S. International Development Finance Corporation, and U.S. Trade Development Agency Can Compete With Chinese State-owned and State-backed Enterprises

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SC 5.2

Heading

White Paper

2021

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2024

On Track

This recommendation requires congressional action, and CSC staff have provided draft legislation to Congress. CSC staff have also provided the administration with a draft executive order that would task relevant agencies with reviewing existing authorities, regulations, and legislation and recommending potential action to be taken in support of this recommendation.

Nearing Implementation

Ensure That the Export-Import Bank, U.S. International Development Finance Corporation, and U.S. Trade Development Agency Can Compete With Chinese State-Owned and State-Backed Enterprises: Several provisions are included in the CHIPS and Science Act that align with the overall goal of this recommendation. For example, the CHIPS and Science Act provides the Department of State with $500 million over five years for the America International Technology Security and Innovation Fund. The funding supports the State Department to work with the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Export-Import Bank, and the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation to coordinate with foreign government partners for secure and trusted ICT, semiconductors, and emerging technologies critical to supply chain activities. Related provisions partially implement the rest of this recommendation, and further legislative action may be needed to continue progress. In addition, executive action and appropriations will be needed to make these efforts successful in the long term.

Nearing Implementation

The CHIPS and Science Act partially implemented this recommendation.

Nearing Implementation

The CHIPS and Science Act partially implemented this recommendation. However, the Export-Import Bank (EXIM) and International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) remain unable to offer loans that rival the more attractive Chinese offers in terms of rates, terms, or conditions to borrowers. Though some individual cases have been successful, this process does not produce systemic improvements. This limitation stems from EXIM/DFC lending requirements, which must comply with Office of Management and Budget circulars in accordance with the 1991 Federal Credit Reform Act. As a result, EXIM/DFC cannot offer concessional loans, or loans below comparable Treasury notes. But by offering rates lower than market levels, EXIM/DFC would effectively provide borrowers subsidized financing for projects. Similar rules govern loan tenure, or the repayment period. The U.S. Trade Development Agency (USTDA) operates under a different model, primarily offering grants for bankable feasibility studies and reverse trade missions. While this approach is valuable, it addresses only part of the competitive landscape. The efficacy of USTDA’s efforts is contingent upon subsequent backing from project developers or financial institutions willing to pick up the project post-USTDA involvement. Without their engagement, the initial groundwork may prove futile.

SC 5.3

Supply Chain (SC)

White Paper

Develop a List of Contractors and Vendors Prohibited From Implementing Development Projects

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'22

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WF 1

Workforce (WF)

White Paper

Establish Leadership and Coordination Structures

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WF 1

Heading

White Paper

2021

2022

2023

2024

Limited Progress

Executive action is required to implement this recommendation and establish the leadership and coordination structures necessary for strengthening the federal cyber workforce. CSC staff have provided text to the administration for an executive order that both would designate the Office of the National Cyber Director as the convener of an interagency working group tasked with overseeing the federal government’s strategy for the cyber workforce and would create a separate interagency working group to support federal departments and agencies in implementing their agency-specific programs aimed at strengthening the cyber workforce.

On Track

This recommendation calls for the establishment of two bodies to lead and coordinate cyber workforce development efforts within the federal government: a Cyber Workforce Steering Committee and a Cyber Workforce Coordinating Working Group. The recently published “Workforce Development Agenda for the National Cyber Director” lays out an implementation plan for this recommendation, proposing the purpose and membership of each body.

Nearing Implementation

This recommendation calls for two bodies to lead and coordinate federal cybersecurity workforce development efforts — a Cyber Workforce Steering Committee and a Cyber Workforce Coordinating Working Group. There have been various efforts that partially implement this recommendation. In December, the Office of the National Cyber Director established “the principal interagency forum” known as the National Cyber Workforce Coordination Group, comprising federal agencies and chaired by the ONCD, to address the federal workforce and education challenges. In August, the ONCD published the National Cybersecurity Workforce and Education Strategy, which states that the office “will explore the establishment of a standing advisory committee.”

Implemented

In June 2024, the ONCD released a progress report on implementing the National Cybersecurity Workforce and Education Strategy. Since creating the National Cyber Workforce Coordination Group in early 2023, the ONCD has established the Working Group on Cyber Workforce and Education and the Working Group on Cyber Skills and Awareness, fully implementing this recommendation. According to the progress report, “more than 35 federal departments and agencies [...] have begun implementing the objectives” in the strategy and are “willing to make additional voluntary commitments” in the next year to engage with industry partners to improve the national cyber workforce.

WF 2

Workforce (WF)

White Paper

Properly Identify and Utilize Cyber-Specific Occupational Classifications

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WF 2

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White Paper

2021

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2024

Limited Progress

Executive action is required to implement this recommendation. CSC staff have provided the administration with text for an executive order in support of this recommendation, which would commission a study that, in part, examines the viability of creating a cyber-specific occupational classification and considers potential congressional action needed for its creation.

On Track

The NIST National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) framework is a resource to help employers identify and develop their cybersecurity workforce. It establishes a common lexicon that describes cybersecurity work and workers regardless of where or for whom the work is performed. The framework comprises seven categories (high-level groupings of common cybersecurity functions), 33 specialty areas (distinct areas of cybersecurity work), and 52 work roles (groupings of cybersecurity work comprising specific knowledge, skills, and abilities required to perform tasks). When properly utilized by federal workforce hiring managers, the NICE framework can achieve this recommendation., but the NICE office requires additional funding to continue to maintain and improve the framework. This funding is recommended in the FY23 House appropriations. In addition, Section 1118 of the FY22 NDAA calls for updates to the occupational series system “in the fields of software development, software engineering, data science, and data management.” Addressing the challenges that confront the federal cyber workforce requires a more targeted response and additional resources.

On Track

The FY22 NDAA calls on the Office of Personnel Management to update the occupational series system for technology-related positions. These updates are still pending. In July, the office published a memo listing a set of general and technical competencies along with the definitions of competencies deemed necessary for artificial intelligence-related federal government positions. According to the National Cybersecurity Workforce and Education Strategy, the Office of the National Cyber Director and National Cyber Workforce Coordination Group will continue to collect data and lead research efforts to update the occupational series to accurately reflect the skillsets needed within the federal government.

Nearing Implementation

At a White House convening on the national cybersecurity workforce in April 2024, National Cyber Director Coker announced plans to transition nearly 100,000 federal jobs to skill-based hiring by the summer of 2025 instead of relying on four-year degree requirements. Assistant National Cyber Director Seeyew Mo testified before the House Committee on Homeland Security that removing such barriers is “the only way we can defend the digital foundation of our modern way of life.”

WF 3

Workforce (WF)

White Paper

Develop Apprenticeships

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WF 3

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White Paper

2021

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2024

On Track

This recommendation requires congressional or executive action to establish a pilot apprenticeship program within CISA. Such a program would serve as a proof of concept for other federal departments and agencies, as well as SLTT governments seeking to establish registered apprenticeship programs. CSC supports the Federal Cybersecurity Workforce Expansion Act, introduced by Senators Maggie Hassan and John Cornyn in June 2021, which would implement this recommendation.

Nearing Implementation

While elements of this recommendation can be implemented based on existing authorities, a congressional mandate would yield the best results. Senators Hassan and Cornyn introduced the Federal Cybersecurity Workforce Expansion Act, which included a provision for a pilot apprenticeship program at CISA. A version of this proposal was considered for inclusion in the FY22 NDAA but ultimately was not granted the jurisdictional relief. In July 2022, the ONCD convened a National Cyber Workforce and Education Summit at the White House. In connection, the Departments of Labor and Commerce made a joint announcement launching a 120-Day Cybersecurity Apprenticeship Sprint, supporting the Registered Apprenticeship model to address the cyber industry’s talent needs and workforce development.

Nearing Implementation

According to the National Cybersecurity Workforce and Education Strategy, the Office of the National Cyber Director and its Federal Cyber Workforce Working Group will explore establishing a Federal Cyber Workforce Development Institute to provide pathways into federal cybersecurity positions and upskilling and reskilling for early-career talent development and mid to late-career talent. The FY23 omnibus appropriations bill provided funds for various cybersecurity apprenticeship programs at CISA. Successful implementation of the recommendation will require creating new programs and resourcing existing ones to build new pathways into the cyber workforce.

Implemented

In March 2024, President Biden issued Executive Order 14119 “Scaling and Expanding the Use of Registered Apprenticeships in Industries and the Federal Government and Promoting Labor-Management Forums.” A month prior, the Department of Labor (DoL) allocated $95 million for federal and $100 million for state apprenticeship programs. Last year, DoL awarded nearly $108 million for these programs, according to the National Cyber Workforce and Education Strategy Implementation progress report published in June 2024.

WF 4

Workforce (WF)

White Paper

Improve Cybersecurity for K-12 Schools

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WF 4

Heading

White Paper

2021

2022

2023

2024

On Track

This recommendation requires congressional action for its implementation. In 2021, a bipartisan group of Representatives introduced the Enhancing K-12 Cybersecurity Act of 2021, which CSC supports as a key means of implementing this recommendation. The legislation would create an information exchange, registry of cyber incidents, and a Technology Improvement Program for K-12 schools. A similar Senate bill, the K-12 Cybersecurity Act of 2021, works toward the same goal of securing K-12 schools by commissioning a study that will inform recommendations and an online training toolkit for K-12 officials.

Nearing Implementation

This recommendation focuses not on cybersecurity education but rather on the cybersecurity of the schools themselves. Education facilities are considered a subsector of U.S. critical infrastructure, and thus ensuring their security is a matter of national resilience. To ensure the security of these institutions, Congress passed the K-12 Cybersecurity Act of 2021, which requires CISA to provide a study, recommendations, and a toolkit focused on cybersecurity in schools. The new law partially implements this recommendation; however, further legislative or executive branch action should be considered. An earlier version of the bill included an information exchange, a registry of cyber incidents, and a Technology Improvement Program, which would comprise meaningful steps towards improved cybersecurity for K-12 schools.

Nearing Implementation

In January, CISA published a report outlining cybersecurity risks facing educational institutions and providing guidelines, recommendations, and resources for schools. The K-12 Cybersecurity Act of 2021 required CISA to develop the report and host a series of roundtables that informed its contents. In August, the White House also announced a series of actions to reinforce K-12 cybersecurity over the next three years.

Nearing Implementation

Last year, the Department of Education released guidance documents, including the “K-12 Digital Infrastructure Brief: Defensible and Resilient,” to help bolster the sector’s cybersecurity posture. In March 2024, the Department of Education and CISA announced the establishment of a Government Coordinating Council dedicated to enhancing collaboration between federal, state, and local governments for K-12 cybersecurity, aligned with the call to action as issued in NSM-22.

WF 5

Workforce (WF)

White Paper

Provide Work-Based Learning via Volunteer Clinics

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WF 6

Workforce (WF)

White Paper

Improve Pay Flexibility and Hiring Authorities

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WF 6

Heading

White Paper

2021

2022

2023

2024

Limited Progress

Executive action is needed to implement this recommendation. An executive order on federal cyber workforce coordination, drafted by CSC staff and provided to the administration, commissions a study to review existing pay flexibilities and hiring authorities that could strengthen the federal cyber workforce and recommend further action that would create additional flexibilities or authorities in support of the effective recruitment, development, and retention of the federal cyber workforce.

On Track

Some progress has been made on parts of this recommendation in the past year. For example, the Office of Personnel Management has established a special salary rate for some cyber positions. However, full implementation of this recommendation, which is closely linked to Recommendation 2 in the white paper on the federal cyber workforce, will require executive action. That executive action may also be supported by congressional mandate, and in one case — the establishment of a new cyber excepted service — it will require authorization. As outlined in detail in the “Workforce Development Agenda for the National Cyber Director,” three options could ameliorate some of the challenges to cyber workforce hiring and talent management: 1) expanding cyber hiring authorities beyond existing limitations based on occupational series, 2) creating a new family of occupational classifications, or 3) creating a government-wide cyber excepted service. The first two of these recommendations can be implemented based on existing authorities, but a congressional mandate would help prioritization. The third, which would yield the most effective change, would require new authorities.

On Track

The Biden administration continued efforts to improve pay flexibility and hiring authorities for federal cyber employees this year. The National Cybersecurity Workforce and Education Strategy states that the White House will “work with Congress” to establish pay flexibility and hiring authorities across the federal government. The Office of Personnel Management also approved a Special Salary Rate (SSR) for federal information technology and cybersecurity jobs in February. The step, however, was met with pushback from some departments including Defense. Coordination across the federal departments and agencies, along with legislative action, will be needed for this recommendation to be fully implemented.

Nearing Implementation

The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and the ONCD proposed legislative changes to cyber workforce classification and pay systems commonly used throughout the federal government. The proposal includes higher special pay rates and more streamlined hiring procedures. In October 2023, OPM published an action plan for “Strengthening Officer Recruitment, Hiring, Promotion, and Retention,” including cybersecurity personnel. In a similar trend, OPM published a memorandum in February 2024 urging federal agencies to provide incentive pay and leave flexibilities to recruit and retain artificial intelligence-related talent.

WF 7

Workforce (WF)

White Paper

Incentivize Cyber Workforce Research

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WF 7

Heading

White Paper

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2024

On Track

A bill passed by the House, the National Science Foundation for the Future Act, includes a cybersecurity workforce data initiative that would fulfill significant elements of this recommendation if it becomes law. Additionally, the CSC’s congressional Commissioners submitted a letter to the appropriations committees recommending the funding of additional personnel to support the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics in its efforts to identify, compile, and analyze existing nationwide data and conduct surveys as necessary to better understand the national cyber workforce. The CSC’s congressional Commissioners also recommended increased funding for NIST’s National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education to support regional programs as required by FY21 NDAA Section 9401. A proposed executive order drafted by CSC staff also details the creation of a grant program to incentivize research on the workforce, pathways to entry into the federal cyber workforce, and strategies for promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion in the federal cyber workforce.

Implemented

The passage of the CHIPS and Science Act fully implements this recommendation. Section 10317 establishes a comprehensive cybersecurity workforce data initiative through the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES). It also implements a provision of the FY22 appropriations report, which called for “a study to identify, compile, and analyze existing nationwide data and conduct survey research as necessary to better understand the national cyber workforce. By implementing the NICE Cybersecurity Workforce Framework (NIST Special Publication 800-181), the initiative would collect more consistent and accurate baseline information on the cyber workforce, including its demographics. The initiative represents a starting point for future data-driven policymaking to expand, strengthen, and diversify the cyber workforce. For instance, the data initiative could provide insight into other areas of the cyber workforce, including cybersecurity-related credentials and employment outcomes. The CSC’s congressional commissioners further recommended a $4.75 million increase in appropriations for FY23 NDAA for the NCSES to support currently authorized activities to generate increased data on the cybersecurity workforce.

Implemented

The passage of the CHIPS and Science Act fully implemented this recommendation last year. Additionally, the president’s FY24 budget requests $11.35 million for the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics to support activities to collect increased data on the cybersecurity workforce.

Implemented

The passage of the CHIPS and Science Act fully implemented this recommendation.

WF 8

Workforce (WF)

White Paper

Mitigate Retention Barriers and Invest in Diversity in Recruiting

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WF 8

Heading

White Paper

2021

2022

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2024

Limited Progress

Congressional or executive action is needed to implement this recommendation. CSC staff have proposed draft legislative and executive order language in support of this recommendation, which would establish training programs for managers to cultivate practices that foster a more inclusive work environment, institutionalize a cyber career pathways program, and ask each cybersecurity agency to update its department- and agency-specific Diversity and Inclusion Strategic Plans, among other provisions. While not specific to cybersecurity, the Biden administration’s June 25, 2021 Executive Order on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal Workforce takes steps towards prioritizing government-wide efforts to recruit, hire, and retain a more diverse and inclusive workforce.

On Track

Pursuant to the Biden administration’s June 25, 2021, Executive Order on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal Workforce, the federal government as a whole is taking steps that indicate this recommendation is seeing some progress towards implementation. The CHIPS and Science Act includes a provision that supports research on the cyber workforce. Section 10315 calls for research and development activities that provide cyber workforce trends, including demographic representation and factors affecting employee recruitment, development, and retention. Similarly, the Cybersecurity Workforce Data Initiative discussed in the prior recommendation would further advance the recommendation by providing metrics to evaluate progress. Successful implementation, however, will require long-term cultural changes in the cybersecurity workforce to foster a more inclusive work environment and the effective use of cyber workforce development research and development data.

Nearing Implementation

Since the issuance of the June 2021 Executive Order on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal Workforce, the Biden administration has prioritized issues around diversity in the federal workforce writ large. Specifically on the federal cyber workforce, the Office of Personnel Management released a Cyber Workforce Dashboard, which makes demographic data for cybersecurity jobs across the federal government accessible. Provisions in the CHIPS and Science Act also support research into cyber workforce demographics and issues affecting employee recruitment and retention. On retention issues, in the FY23 NDAA, Congress authorized $750,000 in appropriations over five years for the Office of Personnel Management’s cybersecurity program to establish a Global Talent Management team dedicated to recruiting and retaining candidates with backgrounds in cybersecurity and various critical technologies.

Nearing Implementation

There have been various efforts underway to create an inclusive cybersecurity workforce in the federal government following the issuance of the June 2021 Executive Order on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal Workforce. Following National Cyber Director Coker’s update on eliminating four-year degree requirements from certain federal jobs, the administration committed to building a diverse and skilled pipeline of cybersecurity talent in advanced manufacturing through similar efforts. The federal government plans to accomplish this by the summer of 2025. In July 2024, the Federal Cyber Workforce Training Act passed the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. Co-sponsored by Sens. Mike Rounds (R-SD) and Jon Ossoff (D-GA), the bill proposes creating a Federal Cyber Workforce Development Institute to provide skill-based training to early and mid-career federal cybersecurity employees. The bill is scheduled for a full Senate vote in September when Congress reconvenes. Additionally, CISA has partnered with industry to launch a 15-month-long initiative known as the Neurodiverse Federal Workforce. This initiative could help address high unemployment rates among the neurodiverse population and help inform policies to “increase opportunities for neurodiverse individuals who are on the autism spectrum.” In April 2024, the National Institute of Standards and Technology awarded $3.6 million to 18 organizations across 15 states focused on addressing the national cybersecurity workforce shortage through education and training development programs.

Cyberspace Solarium Commission Recommendations Tracker

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SC 3.3

Supply Chain (SC)

White Paper

Conduct a Study on a National Security Investment Corporation

'21

'22

'23

'24

SC 3.3

Heading

White Paper

Conduct a Study on a National Security Investment Corporation

On Track

On Track

Limited Progress

On Track

SC 4

Supply Chain (SC)

White Paper

Designate Lead Agency for the ICT Supply Chain

'21

'22

'23

'24

SC 4

Heading

White Paper

Designate Lead Agency for the ICT Supply Chain

Nearing Implementation

Implemented

Implemented

Implemented

SC 4.1

Supply Chain (SC)

White Paper

Establish a National Supply Chain Intelligence Center

'21